| @@ -82,9 +82,51 @@ Notationen: $x' = f(t,x), \dot x = f(t,x), \dv{x}{t} = f(t,x)$ (Dynamischer Proz | |||
| \end{align*} | |||
| \end{enumerate} | |||
| \end{bsp} | |||
| %\begin{figure}[h] | |||
| % \caption{Veranschaulichung: Richtungsfeld | |||
| %\end{figure} | |||
| \begin{figure}[h] | |||
| \centering | |||
| \begin{tikzpicture}[declare function={f(\x) = 2*(\x-0.25);}] | |||
| \begin{axis}% | |||
| [%minor tick num=4, | |||
| %grid style={line width=.1pt, draw=gray!10}, | |||
| %major grid style={line width=.2pt,draw=gray!50}, | |||
| %axis lines=middle, | |||
| %enlargelimits={abs=0.2}, | |||
| %ymax=5, | |||
| %ymin=0 | |||
| width=0.6\textwidth, % Overall width of the plot | |||
| axis equal image, % Unit vectors for both axes have the same length | |||
| view={0}{90}, % We need to use "3D" plots, but we set the view so we look at them from straight up | |||
| xmin=0, xmax=1.1, % Axis limits | |||
| ymin=0, ymax=1.1, | |||
| domain=0:1, y domain=0:1, % Domain over which to evaluate the functions | |||
| xtick={0.7}, ytick={0.3525}, % Tick marks | |||
| xticklabels={$t_0$}, | |||
| yticklabels={$y_0$}, | |||
| xlabel=$t$, | |||
| ylabel=$y$, | |||
| samples=11, % How many arrows? | |||
| cycle list={ % Plot styles | |||
| gray, | |||
| quiver={ | |||
| u={1}, v={f(x)}, % End points of the arrows | |||
| scale arrows=0.075, | |||
| every arrow/.append style={ | |||
| -latex % Arrow tip | |||
| }, | |||
| }\\ | |||
| red, samples=31, smooth, thick, no markers, domain=0:1.1\\ % The plot style for the function | |||
| } | |||
| ] | |||
| \addplot3 (x,y,0); | |||
| \addlegendentry{$f'(t,x)$} | |||
| \addplot{(x-0.25)^2+0.15}; | |||
| \addlegendentry{$y(t)$} | |||
| \end{axis} | |||
| \end{tikzpicture} | |||
| \caption{Veranschaulichung: Richtungsfeld für DGL der Form $y' = f(x)$} | |||
| \end{figure} | |||
| \begin{definition}[System erster Ordnung] | |||
| Sei $D = I\times \Omega \subset \R\times \R^n,\ f\colon D\to \R^n$ stetig. Dann heißt | |||
| \begin{equation} | |||
| @@ -141,6 +183,30 @@ Eine Lösung von \eqref{DGLOrd1} ist eine differenzierbare Funktion $y:I\to \R^n | |||
| \] | |||
| Dann existiert eine Lösung $y(t)$ von AWA auf dem Intervall $I \coloneqq [t_0-T,t_0+T]$ mit \[T \coloneqq \min_{y(t)}\left\{\alpha,\frac{\beta}{M}\right\},\; M\coloneqq \max_{(t,x)\in D}\norm{f(t,x)}\] | |||
| \end{satz} | |||
| %\begin{figure}[h] | |||
| % \begin{tikzpicture} | |||
| % \begin{axis}% | |||
| % [grid=none, | |||
| % minor tick num=4, | |||
| % grid style={line width=.1pt, draw=gray!10}, | |||
| % major grid style={line width=.2pt,draw=gray!50}, | |||
| % axis lines=middle, | |||
| % %enlargelimits={abs=0.2}, | |||
| % ymax=5, ymin=-1.5, | |||
| % xmin=2, xmax=7, | |||
| % xtick={5}, ytick={2}, | |||
| % xticklabels={$t_0$}, | |||
| % yticklabels={$y_0$}, | |||
| % xlabel=$t$, | |||
| % ylabel=$x$, | |||
| % ] | |||
| % \draw (4,1) rectangle (6,3); | |||
| % \node at (5.8,1.3) {$D$}; | |||
| % \addplot[domain=1:10,samples=50,smooth,red] {2^(x-3)-2}; | |||
| % \addlegendentry{$y(t)$} | |||
| % \end{axis} | |||
| % \end{tikzpicture} | |||
| %\end{figure} | |||
| Reminder: | |||
| \begin{enumerate} | |||
| \item Gleichmäßige Stetigkeit: \[f\colon D\to \R,\; D\subset \R^n\] ist gleichmäßig stetig in $D$, falls $\forall \epsilon > 0,\;\exists \delta > 0$, sodass $\forall x,x_0\in D$ gilt \[\norm{x-x_0}< \delta \implies \norm{f(x)-f(x_0)}< \epsilon\] | |||
| @@ -168,6 +234,48 @@ Reminder: | |||
| \end{itemize} | |||
| Definiere die stückweise lineare Funktion $y^h(t)$ | |||
| \[y^h(t)\coloneqq y_{n-1}^h + (t-t_{n-1})f(t_{n-1},y_{n-1}^h),\quad t\in [t_{n-1},t_n],\quad \forall n\ge 1\] | |||
| \begin{figure}[h] | |||
| \centering | |||
| \begin{tikzpicture}[declare function={f1(\x) = 0.5*(2)^(\x-1) + 10/(\x+2); | |||
| f2(\x) = 0.5*(2)^(\x-1); | |||
| f3(\x) = 0.5*(2)^(\x-1) - 10/(\x+2); | |||
| f4(\x) = 0.5*(2)^(\x-1) - 20/(\x+2);}] | |||
| \begin{axis}% | |||
| [grid=none, | |||
| %minor tick num=4, | |||
| grid style={line width=.1pt, draw=gray!10}, | |||
| major grid style={line width=.2pt,draw=gray!50}, | |||
| axis lines=middle, | |||
| %enlargelimits={abs=0.2}, | |||
| ymax=10, ymin=-1.5, | |||
| xmin=-1, xmax=7, | |||
| xtick={2,3,4,5}, | |||
| ytick=\empty, | |||
| xticklabels={$t_0$, $t_1$, $t_2$, $t_3$}, | |||
| %yticklabels={$y_0$, $y_1^{h}$, $y_2^{h}$}, | |||
| xlabel=$t$, | |||
| ylabel=$x$, | |||
| ] | |||
| \addplot[domain=0:10,samples=50,smooth,green] {f1(x)}; | |||
| \addlegendentry{$y(t,t_0,y_0)$}; | |||
| \addplot[domain=0:10,samples=50,smooth,blue] {f2(x)}; | |||
| \addlegendentry{$y(t, t_1, y_1^{h})$}; | |||
| \addplot[domain=0:10,samples=50,smooth,orange] {f3(x)}; | |||
| \addlegendentry{$y(t, t_2, y_2^{h})$}; | |||
| \addplot[domain=0:10,samples=50,smooth,pink] {f4(x)}; | |||
| \addlegendentry{$y(t, t_3, y_3^{h})$}; | |||
| \draw (2,{f1(2)}) node[circle,fill,inner sep=0.5pt] {} | |||
| -- (3,{f2(3)}) node[circle,fill,inner sep=0.5pt] {} | |||
| -- (4, {f3(4)}) node[circle,fill,inner sep=0.5pt] {} | |||
| -- (5, {f4(5)}) node[circle,fill,inner sep=0.5pt] {}; | |||
| \draw[dashed,green] (2, {f1(2)}) -- (0, {f1(2)}) node[label=left:$y_0$](){}; | |||
| \draw[dashed,blue] (3, {f2(3)}) -- (0, {f2(3)}) node[label=left:$y_1$](){}; | |||
| \draw[dashed,orange] (4, {f3(4)}) -- (0, {f3(4)}) node[label=left:$y_2$](){}; | |||
| \draw[dashed,pink] (5, {f4(5)}) -- (0, {f4(5)}) node[label=left:$y_3$](){}; | |||
| \end{axis} | |||
| \end{tikzpicture} | |||
| \caption{Eulersches Polygonzugverfahren} | |||
| \end{figure} | |||
| \begin{enumerate}[1)] | |||
| \item \textbf{z.Z.} dass dieses Verfahren durchführbar ist, d.h. $\graph(y^h)\subset D$. Sei $(t,y^h(t))\subset D$ für $t_0 \le t\le t_{k-1}$. Dann gilt | |||
| \[ | |||
| @@ -187,7 +295,52 @@ Reminder: | |||
| \end{align*} | |||
| Also ist $(t,y^h(t))\in D$ für $t_{k-1} \le t\le t_k$. Mit Annahme folgt $(t,y^h(t))\in D$ für $t_0\le t\le t_k \implies \graph(y^h)\subset D$. | |||
| \item \begin{enumerate}[(a)] | |||
| \item \textbf{z.Z.} dass die Funktionenfamilie $\{y^h\}_{h>0}$ gleichgradig stetig ist. Seien dafür $t,t'\in I, \ t'\le t$ beliebig mit $t\in [t_{k-1},t_k],\; t'\in [t_{j-1},t_j]$ für ein $t_j\le t_k$.\begin{itemize} | |||
| \item \textbf{z.Z.} dass die Funktionenfamilie $\{y^h\}_{h>0}$ gleichgradig stetig ist. Seien dafür $t,t'\in I, \ t'\le t$ beliebig mit $t\in [t_{k-1},t_k],\; t'\in [t_{j-1},t_j]$ für ein $t_j\le t_k$. | |||
| \begin{figure}[h] | |||
| \centering | |||
| \begin{tikzpicture}[declare function={f1(\x) = 0.5*(2)^(\x-1) + 10/(\x+2); | |||
| f2(\x) = 0.5*(2)^(\x-1); | |||
| f3(\x) = 0.5*(2)^(\x-1) - 10/(\x+2); | |||
| f4(\x) = 0.5*(2)^(\x-1) - 20/(\x+2);}] | |||
| \begin{axis}% | |||
| [grid=none, | |||
| %minor tick num=4, | |||
| grid style={line width=.1pt, draw=gray!10}, | |||
| major grid style={line width=.2pt,draw=gray!50}, | |||
| axis lines=middle, | |||
| %enlargelimits={abs=0.2}, | |||
| ymax=10, ymin=-1.5, | |||
| xmin=1, xmax=6, | |||
| xtick={2,3,4,5}, | |||
| ytick={1}, | |||
| xticklabels={$t_0$, $t_1$, $t_2$, $t_3$}, | |||
| yticklabels={$y_0$}, | |||
| xlabel=$t$, | |||
| ylabel=$x$, | |||
| ] | |||
| \addplot[domain=0:10,samples=50,smooth] {f2(x)}; | |||
| \draw (2,{f2(2)}) node[circle,fill,inner sep=0.5pt] {} | |||
| (3,{f2(3)}) node[circle,fill,inner sep=0.5pt] {} | |||
| (4,{f2(4)}) node[circle,fill,inner sep=0.5pt] {} | |||
| (5,{f2(5)}) node[circle,fill,inner sep=0.5pt] {}; | |||
| \draw[dashed,red] (2.4, {f2(2.4)}) -- (2.4, 0) | |||
| node [label={[label distance=-0.8mm]below:$t$}](){}; | |||
| \draw[dashed,red] (4.7, {f2(4.7)}) -- (4.7, 0) | |||
| node [label={[label distance=-0.8mm]below:$t'$}](){}; | |||
| \draw[dashed,blue] (3.2, {f2(3.2)}) -- (3.2, 0) | |||
| node [label={[label distance=-1mm]below:$t$}](){}; | |||
| \draw[dashed,blue] (3.8, {f2(3.8)}) -- (3.8, 0) | |||
| node [label={[label distance=-1mm]below:$t'$}](){}; | |||
| \draw[dashed,black] (2, {f2(2)}) -- (0, {f2(2)}) | |||
| node [label={[label distance=-1mm]below:$t$}](){}; | |||
| %\draw[dashed,blue] (3, {f2(3)}) -- (0, {f2(3)}) node[label=left:$y_1$](){}; | |||
| %\draw[dashed,orange] (4, {f3(4)}) -- (0, {f3(4)}) node[label=left:$y_2$](){}; | |||
| %\draw[dashed,pink] (5, {f4(5)}) -- (0, {f4(5)}) node[label=left:$y_3$](){}; | |||
| \end{axis} | |||
| \end{tikzpicture} | |||
| \caption{Blau: erster Fall, Rot: zweiter Fall} | |||
| \end{figure} | |||
| \begin{itemize} | |||
| \item $t,t' \in [t_{k-1},t_k]$: | |||
| \begin{align*} | |||
| y^h(t)-y^h(t')&= y_{k-1}^h + (t-t_{k-1})f(t_{k-1},y_{k-1}^h)\\ | |||
| @@ -228,4 +381,4 @@ Reminder: | |||
| \item \textbf{z.Z.} $y(t)$ erfüllt die Differentialgleichung $y'(t) = f(t,y(t))$ oder äquivalent dazu: $y(t)$ erfüllt die Integralgleichung \[y(t) = y_0 + \int_{t_0}^{t} f(s,y(s))\d s\] | |||
| \end{enumerate} | |||
| \end{proof} | |||
| \end{document} | |||
| \end{document} | |||