la4 bis aufgabe 2 und 3
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\documentclass{../../../lecture}
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\begin{document}
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\begin{aufgabe}[]
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\end{aufgabe}
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\begin{aufgabe}[Vektorprodukte]
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Sei $k \in \R$ beliebig, dann wähle $x := \begin{pmatrix} -\frac{1}{2} - \frac{5}{2}k \\ -1 \\ k \\ \end{pmatrix} \in \R^{3}$.
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\begin{proof}
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\[
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\begin{pmatrix} -\frac{1}{2} - \frac{5}{2}k \\ -1 \\ k \end{pmatrix}
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\times
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\begin{pmatrix} 5 \\ 0 \\ -2 \end{pmatrix}
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=
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\begin{pmatrix} 2 - 0k \\ 5k - \left(2\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{5}{2}k\right)\right) \\ 5 \end{pmatrix}
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=
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\begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ -1 \\ 5 \end{pmatrix}
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.\]
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\end{proof}
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Es existiert kein $y \in \R^{3}$ mit:
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\[
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y \times \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 1 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix}
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=
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\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}
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.\]
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\begin{proof}
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Die obenstehende Gleichung ergibt folgendes LGS:
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\begin{align*}
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2 y_2 - y_3 &= 1 \\
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2 y_3 - 2 y_1 &= 2 \\
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y_1 - 2 y_2 &= 0 \\
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.\end{align*}
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Aus (I) folgt:
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\[
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y_3 = 2 y_2 - 1
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.\]
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Damit ergibt sich aus (II):
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\begin{align*}
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&& 2 y_3 - 2y_1 = 2 (2y_2 - 1) - 2y_1 &= 2 \\
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\implies&& y_1 &= 2y_2 - 2 \\
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.\end{align*}
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Daraus entsteht ein Widerspruch in (III):
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\begin{align*}
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y_1 - 2y_2 = 2y_2 - 2 - 2y_2 = -2 \neq 0
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.\end{align*}
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\end{proof}
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\end{aufgabe}
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\begin{aufgabe}
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Wir definieren die Abbildung $-^{\bot}: \R^{2} \to \R^{2}$ durch
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\[
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\begin{pmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \end{pmatrix}^{\bot} =
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\begin{pmatrix} -x_2 \\ x_1 \end{pmatrix}
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.\]
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\end{aufgabe}
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\textbf{a)} Zu zeigen: $x$ $\bot$ $x^{\bot}$ und
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$ \|x\| = \|x^{\bot}\|$ $\forall x \in R^{2}$
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\begin{proof}
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Sei $x \in R^{2}$ beliebig.
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$x$ $\bot$ $x^{\bot}$:
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\[
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\left<x, x^{\bot}\right> = \left< \begin{pmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \end{pmatrix}
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, \begin{pmatrix} -x_2 \\ x_1 \end{pmatrix}
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\right> = -x_1 x_2 + x_2 x_1 = 0
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.\]
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$\|x\| = \|x^{\bot}\|$:
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\[
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\|x\| = \sqrt{\left<x,x\right>} = \sqrt{x_1^2 + x_2^2} = \sqrt{\left( -x_2 \right) ^2 + x_1^2} = \|x^{\bot}\|
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.\]
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\end{proof}
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\textbf{b)} Ist $x \in \R^{2} \setminus \{0\}$ und $y \in \R^{2}$ mit $x$ $\bot$
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$y$, so existiert ein $a \in \R$ derart, dass $y = a \cdot x^{\bot}$.
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\begin{proof} Sei $x \in \R^{2} \setminus $ mit $x = \begin{pmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \end{pmatrix} $
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und $y \in \R^{2}$ mit $y = \begin{pmatrix} y_1 \\ y_2 \end{pmatrix}$
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Wegen $x$ $\bot$ $y$ folgt:
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\begin{align*}
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x_1y_1 + x_2y_2 = 0 \implies x_1y_1 = -x_2y_2
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.\end{align*}
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\underline{Fall 1:} $x_1 = 0$. $\implies x_2 \neq 0$.
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\[
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x_2 y_2 = 0 \implies y_2 = 0
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.\] Wähle nun $a := -\frac{y_1}{x_2} \in \R$:
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\[
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y = a \cdot x^{\bot} \begin{pmatrix} -a x_2 \\ ax_1 \end{pmatrix}
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= \begin{pmatrix} \frac{y_1}{x_2} x_2 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}
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= \begin{pmatrix} y_1 \\ y_2 \end{pmatrix}
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.\]
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\underline{Fall 2:} $x_2 = 0$. $\implies x_1 \neq 0$.
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\[
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x_1 y_1 = 0 \implies y_1 = 0
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.\] Wähle nun $a := \frac{y_2}{x_1} \in \R$:
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\[
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y = a \cdot x^{\bot} \begin{pmatrix} -a x_2 \\ ax_1 \end{pmatrix}
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= \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ \frac{y_2}{x_1} x_1 \end{pmatrix}
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= \begin{pmatrix} y_1 \\ y_2 \end{pmatrix}
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.\]
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\underline{Fall 3:} $x_1 \neq 0$ und $x_2 \neq 0$.
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\[
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-\frac{y_1}{x_2} = \frac{y_2}{x_1}
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.\] Wähle nun $a := \frac{y_2}{x_1} = -\frac{y_1}{x_2} \in \R$:
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\[
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y = a \cdot x^{\bot} = \begin{pmatrix} -a x_2 \\ a x_1 \end{pmatrix}
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= \begin{pmatrix} \frac{y_1}{x_2} x_2 \\ \frac{y_2}{x_1} x_1 \end{pmatrix}
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= \begin{pmatrix} y_1 \\ y_2 \end{pmatrix}
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.\]
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\end{proof}
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\textbf{c)} Für $x \in \R^{2} \setminus \{0\} $ sei $f_x: \R^{2} \to \R^{2}$
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Abbildung mit:
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\[
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y \mapsto \frac{\left<y, x\right>}{\left<x, x\right>} \cdot x
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+ \frac{\left<y, x^{\bot}\right>}{\left<x, x\right>} \cdot x^{\bot}
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.\]
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Zu zeigen: Für beliebiges $x \in \R \setminus \{0\} $ ist $f_x$ gleich der
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Identität des $\R^{2}$.
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\begin{proof}
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Zz: $f_x(y) = y$ $\forall y \in \R^{2}$
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Seien $x \in R^{2} \setminus \{0\}$ mit $x = \begin{pmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \end{pmatrix}$
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und $y \in R^{2}$ mit $y = \begin{pmatrix} y_1 \\ y_2 \end{pmatrix}$.
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Nun:
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\begin{align*}
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f_x(y) &= \frac{\left<y, x\right>}{\left<x, x\right>} \cdot x
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+ \frac{\left<y, x^{\bot}\right>}{\left<x, x\right>} \cdot x^{\bot} \\
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&= \frac{1}{\left<x, x\right>} \left(
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\begin{pmatrix} x_1^2y_1 + x_1x_2y_2 \\ x_1x_2y_1 + x_2^2y_2 \end{pmatrix}
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+
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\begin{pmatrix} y_1x_2^2 - x_1x_2y_2 \\ -x_1x_2y_1 + x_1^2y_2 \end{pmatrix}
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\right) \\
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&= \frac{1}{\left<x, x\right>} \begin{pmatrix} y_1x_1^2 + y_1x_2^2 \\ y_2x_2^2 + y_2x_1^2 \end{pmatrix} \\
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&= \frac{1}{x_1^2 + x_2^2} \begin{pmatrix} y_1(x_1^2 + x_2^2) \\ y_2(x_1^2 + x_2^2) \end{pmatrix} \\
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&= \begin{pmatrix} y_1 \\ y_2 \end{pmatrix} \\
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&= y
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.\end{align*}
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\end{proof}
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\end{document}
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