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| \documentclass[uebung]{../../../lecture} | |||
| \author{Christian Merten} | |||
| \title{Lineare Algebra 1: Übungsblatt Nr. 9} | |||
| \usepackage[]{gauss} | |||
| \begin{document} | |||
| \punkte | |||
| \begin{aufgabe} | |||
| \begin{enumerate}[(a)] | |||
| \item Es seien $f\colon V \to W$ und $g: W \to V$ lineare Abbildungen | |||
| zwischen $V$ und $W$ Vektorräumen. | |||
| Beh.: Es existiert genau dann ein $v \in V \setminus \{0\} $ mit $(g \circ f)(v) = v$, wenn | |||
| es ein $w \in W \setminus \{0\} $ gibt mit $(f \circ g)(w) = w$. | |||
| \begin{proof} | |||
| ,,$\implies$'' Es sei $w \in W$ mit $(f \circ g)(w) = w$. Dann | |||
| definiere $v := g(w)$. Wegen $f(g(w)) = f(v) = w$ folgt $g(f(v)) = g(w) = v$. | |||
| ,,$\impliedby$'' folgt analog. | |||
| \end{proof} | |||
| \item Es sei $A \in M_{n,m}(K)$ und $B \in M_{m,n}(K)$. | |||
| Beh.: $E_n - AB$ invertierbar $\iff$ $E_m - BA$ invertierbar. | |||
| \begin{proof} | |||
| ,,$\implies$'' Es seien $a\colon K^{m} \to K^{n}$ und $b\colon K^{n} \to K^{m}$ die | |||
| zu $A$ und $B$ gehörigen Abbildungen. | |||
| Da $E_{n} - AB$ invertierbar, folgt $id_{K^{n}} - a \circ b$ ist Automorphismus. | |||
| Also ist zu zeigen, dass | |||
| der Endomorphismus $id_{K^{m}} - b \circ a$ bijektiv ist. | |||
| Da $id_{K^{n}} - a \circ b$ bijektiv, insbesondere injektiv ist, folgt | |||
| \begin{align*} | |||
| &\text{ker}(id_{K^{n}} - a \circ b) = \{0\} \\ | |||
| \implies & id_{K^{n}}(v) - a(b(v)) \neq 0 \quad \forall v \in V \setminus \{0\} \\ | |||
| \implies &v \neq a(b(v)) \quad \forall v \in V \setminus \{0\} | |||
| \intertext{Sei nun $w \in K^{m}$ mit $id_{K^{m}} - b(a(w)) = 0$.} | |||
| \implies & w = b(a(w)) \\ | |||
| \stackrel{\text{1a)}}{\implies} &w = 0 | |||
| .\end{align*} | |||
| Damit ist $id_{K^{m}} - b \circ a$ ein injektiver Endomorphismus, also | |||
| auch bijektiv, also Automorphismus.\\ | |||
| $\implies E_m - BA$ invertierbar. | |||
| ,,$\impliedby$'' folgt analog. | |||
| \end{proof} | |||
| \end{enumerate} | |||
| \end{aufgabe} | |||
| \begin{aufgabe} Es sei $K$ Körper und $A \in M_{n,m}(K)$ und $B \in M_{m,n}(K)$ mit $ABA = A$. | |||
| \begin{enumerate}[(a)] | |||
| \item Beh.: $\text{ker } A = \{x - BAx \mid x \in K^{m}\} $ | |||
| \begin{proof} | |||
| Zz.: $\text{ker } A \subset \{x - BAx \mid x \in K^{m}\} $ | |||
| Sei $x \in \text{ker } A$, d.h. $Ax = 0$, damit: | |||
| \[ | |||
| x - BAx = x - B\cdot 0 = x | |||
| .\] | |||
| Zz.: $\{x - BAx \mid x \in K^{m}\} \subset \text{ker } A$ | |||
| Sei $r \in K^{m}$, dann $x := r - BAr$. Damit folgt: | |||
| \begin{align*} | |||
| Ax = Ar - ABAr \stackrel{ABA=A}{=} Ar - Ar = 0 | |||
| .\end{align*} | |||
| \end{proof} | |||
| \item Beh.: $Ax = b$ hat eine Lösung $\iff ABb = b$ | |||
| \begin{proof} | |||
| \begin{align*} | |||
| & Ax = b \text{ hat eine Lösung} \\ | |||
| \iff & b \in \text{Bild}(A) \\ | |||
| \iff & \exists x \in K^{m}\colon Ax = ABAx = AB(Ax) = b \\ | |||
| \iff & ABb = b | |||
| .\end{align*} | |||
| \end{proof} | |||
| Beh.: $L := \{x \in K^{m} \mid Ax = b\} = \{Bb + x' - BAx' \mid x' \in K^{m}\} $ | |||
| \begin{proof} | |||
| \begin{enumerate}[(i)] | |||
| \item Zz.: $L \subset \{Bb + x - BAx \mid x \in K^{m}\} $, | |||
| Sei $x \in L$ beliebig, d.h. $Ax = b$. Nun g.z.z | |||
| $\exists r \in K^{m}\colon x = Bb + r - BAr$. Wähle $k := x - Bb \in K^{m}$. Damit: | |||
| \begin{align*} | |||
| &Ak = Ax - ABb \stackrel{ABb = b}{=} b - b = 0 \\ | |||
| \implies &k \in \text{ker}(A)\\ | |||
| \stackrel{(a)}{\implies} & \exists r \in K^{m}\colon k = r - BAr. \text{ Fixiere }r \\ | |||
| \implies & Bb + r - BAr = Bb + k = Bb + x - Bb = x | |||
| .\end{align*} | |||
| \item Zz.: $\{Bb + x - BAx \mid x \in K^{m}\} \subset L$. | |||
| Sei $r \in K^{m}$ beliebig, dann definiere $x := Bb + r - BAr \in K^{m}$. | |||
| Nun g.z.z. $Ax = b$. | |||
| \begin{align*} | |||
| Ax = ABb + Ar - ABAr \stackrel{ABb = b}{=} b + Ar - ABAr | |||
| \stackrel{ABA = A}{=} b | |||
| .\end{align*} | |||
| \end{enumerate} | |||
| \end{proof} | |||
| \end{enumerate} | |||
| \end{aufgabe} | |||
| \begin{aufgabe} | |||
| \begin{align*} | |||
| &\begin{gmatrix}[p] | |||
| 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 | |||
| \rowops | |||
| \add[-1]{0}{2} | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \to | |||
| \begin{gmatrix}[p] 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 | |||
| \rowops | |||
| \add[-1]{1}{0} | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \to | |||
| \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix} | |||
| \intertext{$\implies$ Rang 2} | |||
| &\begin{gmatrix}[p] | |||
| 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 | |||
| \rowops | |||
| \add[-2]{0}{1} | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \to | |||
| \begin{gmatrix}[p] 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 | |||
| \rowops | |||
| \add[-1]{0}{2} | |||
| \mult{1}{\scriptstyle\cdot-1} | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \to | |||
| \begin{gmatrix}[p] 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 | |||
| \rowops | |||
| \add[-1]{1}{0} | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \to | |||
| \begin{gmatrix}[p] 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \intertext{$\implies$ Rang 3} | |||
| &\begin{gmatrix}[p] | |||
| 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 1 & 1 & 4 | |||
| \rowops | |||
| \add[-1]{0}{1} | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \to | |||
| \begin{gmatrix}[p] 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 | |||
| \rowops | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \intertext{$\implies$ Rang 2} | |||
| &\begin{gmatrix}[p] | |||
| 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 2 & 4 & 2 | |||
| \rowops | |||
| \add[-2]{0}{1} | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \to | |||
| \begin{gmatrix}[p] 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \intertext{$\implies$ Rang 1} | |||
| \intertext{Für $a = 1$ folgt direkt:} | |||
| &\begin{gmatrix}[p] | |||
| a & 1 & a \\ 1 & a & 1 \\ a & 1 & a | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| = | |||
| \begin{gmatrix}[p] 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 | |||
| \rowops | |||
| \add[-1]{0}{1} | |||
| \add[-1]{0}{2} | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \to | |||
| \begin{gmatrix}[p] 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \intertext{$\implies$ Rang 1 \\Für $a = -1$ folgt} | |||
| &\begin{gmatrix}[p] | |||
| a & 1 & a \\ 1 & a & 1 \\ a & 1 & a | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| = | |||
| \begin{gmatrix}[p] -1 & 1 & -1 \\ 1 & -1 & 1 \\ -1 & 1 & -1 | |||
| \rowops | |||
| \add{0}{1} | |||
| \add[-1]{0}{2} | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \to | |||
| \begin{gmatrix}[p] 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \intertext{$\implies$ Rang 0\\ Für $a \neq 1 \land a \neq -1 \implies 1 - a^2 \neq 0$, damit:} | |||
| &\begin{gmatrix}[p] | |||
| a & 1 & a \\ 1 & a & 1 \\ a & 1 & a | |||
| \rowops | |||
| \add[-1]{0}{2} | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \to | |||
| \begin{gmatrix}[p] a & 1 & a \\ 1 & a & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 | |||
| \rowops | |||
| \swap{0}{1} | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \to | |||
| \begin{gmatrix}[p] 1 & a & 1 \\ a & 1 & a \\ 0 & 0 & 0 | |||
| \rowops | |||
| \add[-a]{0}{1} | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \to | |||
| \begin{gmatrix}[p] 1 & a & 1 \\ 0 & 1-a^2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 | |||
| \rowops | |||
| \mult{1}{\scriptstyle\cdot \frac{1}{1-a^2}} | |||
| \end{gmatrix}\\ | |||
| \to | |||
| &\begin{gmatrix}[p] 1 & a & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 | |||
| \rowops | |||
| \add[-a]{1}{0} | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \to | |||
| \begin{pmatrix} | |||
| 1 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 | |||
| \end{pmatrix} | |||
| .\end{align*} | |||
| $\implies$ Rang 2 | |||
| \end{aufgabe} | |||
| \begin{aufgabe} | |||
| \begin{enumerate}[(a)] | |||
| \item Beh.: $\underline{v} = \left( (1,2)^{t}, (0, -1)^{t} \right) $ ist Basis von $\Q^{2}$. | |||
| \begin{proof} | |||
| Zu zeigen.: $\underline{v}$ ist linear unabhängig | |||
| Seien $a, b \in \Q$ mit | |||
| \begin{align*} | |||
| &a \cdot \binom{1}{2} + b \binom{0}{-1} = 0 \\ | |||
| \implies & a = 0 \land 2a -b = 0 \implies b = 0 | |||
| .\end{align*} | |||
| $\implies$ $\underline{v}$ ist linear unabhängig wegen $\text{dim } \Q^{2} = 2$ eine Basis | |||
| von $\Q^{2}$. | |||
| \end{proof} | |||
| Beh.: $\underline{w} = \left( (1,1)^{t}, (3,2)^{t} \right) $ is Basis von $\Q^{2}$ | |||
| \begin{proof} | |||
| Zu zeigen.: $\underline{v}$ ist linear unabhängig | |||
| Seien $a, b \in \Q$ mit | |||
| \begin{align*} | |||
| &a \cdot \binom{1}{1} + b \binom{3}{2} = 0 \\ | |||
| \implies & a + 3b = 0 \land a +2b = 0 | |||
| \implies b = a = 0 | |||
| .\end{align*} | |||
| $\implies$ $\underline{v}$ ist linear unabhängig wegen $\text{dim } \Q^{2} = 2$ eine Basis | |||
| von $\Q^{2}$. | |||
| \end{proof} | |||
| Beh.: | |||
| \[ | |||
| T = M_{\underline{e}}^{\underline{v}}(\text{id}_V) = | |||
| \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 0 & -1 \end{pmatrix} | |||
| .\] | |||
| \begin{proof} | |||
| Zu Überprüfen für die zwei Basisvektoren aus $\underline{v}$. | |||
| \begin{enumerate}[(i)] | |||
| \item $v_1 = (1,2)^{t}$. $\phi(v_1) = (1,0)^{t}$. | |||
| \begin{align*} | |||
| \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 0 & -1 \end{pmatrix} | |||
| \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} | |||
| = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix} | |||
| .\end{align*} | |||
| \item $v_2 = (0,-1)^{t}$. $\phi(v_2) = (0,1)^{t}$. | |||
| \begin{align*} | |||
| \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 0 & -1 \end{pmatrix} | |||
| \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} | |||
| = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ -1 \end{pmatrix} | |||
| .\end{align*} | |||
| \end{enumerate} | |||
| \end{proof} | |||
| Beh.: | |||
| \[ | |||
| T = M_{\underline{e}}^{\underline{w}}(\text{id}_V) = | |||
| \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 3 & 2 \end{pmatrix} | |||
| .\] | |||
| \begin{proof} | |||
| Zu Überprüfen für die zwei Basisvektoren aus $\underline{w}$. | |||
| \begin{enumerate}[(i)] | |||
| \item $w_1 = (1,1)^{t}$. $\phi(w_1) = (1,0)^{t}$. | |||
| \begin{align*} | |||
| \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 3 \\ 1 & 2 \end{pmatrix} | |||
| \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} | |||
| = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} | |||
| .\end{align*} | |||
| \item $w_2 = (3,2)^{t}$. $\phi(w_2) = (0,1)^{t}$. | |||
| \begin{align*} | |||
| \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 3 \\ 1 & 2 \end{pmatrix} | |||
| \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} | |||
| = \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix} | |||
| .\end{align*} | |||
| \end{enumerate} | |||
| \end{proof} | |||
| \item | |||
| \begin{align*} | |||
| &\begin{gmatrix}[p] | |||
| 1 & 0 \\ 2 & -1 | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \begin{gmatrix}[p] | |||
| 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 | |||
| \rowops | |||
| \add[-2]{0}{1} | |||
| \mult{1}{\scriptstyle\cdot -1} | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \to | |||
| \begin{gmatrix}[p] | |||
| 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \begin{gmatrix}[p] | |||
| 1 & 0 \\ 2 & -1 | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \intertext{$\implies T = \left(M_{\underline{e}}^{\underline{v}}\right)^{-1} = | |||
| \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 2 & -1 \end{pmatrix}$ } | |||
| &\begin{gmatrix}[p] | |||
| 1 & 3 \\ 1 & 2 | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \begin{gmatrix}[p] | |||
| 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 | |||
| \rowops | |||
| \add[-1]{0}{1} | |||
| \mult{1}{\scriptstyle\cdot -1} | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \to | |||
| \begin{gmatrix}[p] | |||
| 1 & 3 \\ 0 & 1 | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \begin{gmatrix}[p] | |||
| 1 & 0 \\ 1 & -1 | |||
| \rowops | |||
| \add[-3]{1}{0} | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \to | |||
| \begin{gmatrix}[p] | |||
| 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| \begin{gmatrix}[p] | |||
| -2 & 3 \\ 1 & -1 | |||
| \end{gmatrix} | |||
| .\end{align*} | |||
| $\implies S = \left(M_{\underline{e}}^{\underline{w}}\right)^{-1} = | |||
| \begin{pmatrix} -2 & 3 \\ 1 & -1 \end{pmatrix}$ | |||
| \item $M_{\underline{e}}^{\underline{e}}(f) = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ -1 & -1 \end{pmatrix} $ | |||
| durch ablesen, die restlichen Matrizen ergeben sich durch Multiplikation: | |||
| \begin{align*} | |||
| &M_{\underline{v}}^{\underline{v}}(f) | |||
| = M_{\underline{v}}^{\underline{e}}(\text{id}_V) \cdot M_{\underline{e}}^{\underline{e}}(f) | |||
| \cdot M_{\underline{e}}^{\underline{v}}(\text{id}_V) | |||
| = \begin{pmatrix} 5 & -2 \\ -3 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \\ | |||
| &M_{\underline{w}}^{\underline{w}}(f) | |||
| = M_{\underline{w}}^{\underline{e}}(\text{id}_V) \cdot M_{\underline{e}}^{\underline{e}}(f) | |||
| \cdot M_{\underline{e}}^{\underline{w}}(\text{id}_V) | |||
| = \begin{pmatrix} -12 & -29 \\ 5 & 12 \end{pmatrix} \\ | |||
| &M_{\underline{v}}^{\underline{w}}(\text{id}_{V}) | |||
| = M_{\underline{v}}^{\underline{e}}(\text{id}_V) | |||
| \cdot M_{\underline{e}}^{\underline{w}}(\text{id}_V) | |||
| = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 3 \\ 1 & 4 \end{pmatrix} | |||
| .\end{align*} | |||
| \item | |||
| \begin{align*} | |||
| AC - CB = M_{\underline{v}}^{\underline{v}}(f) | |||
| \cdot M_{\underline{v}}^{\underline{w}}(\text{id}_V) | |||
| - M_{\underline{v}}^{\underline{w}}(\text{id}_V) | |||
| \cdot M_{\underline{w}}^{\underline{w}}(f) | |||
| = M_{\underline{v}}^{\underline{w}}(f) | |||
| - M_{\underline{v}}^{\underline{w}}(f) | |||
| = 0 | |||
| .\end{align*} | |||
| \end{enumerate} | |||
| \end{aufgabe} | |||
| \end{document} | |||