| @@ -40,7 +40,36 @@ | |||||
| \[ | \[ | ||||
| d_4(3, 2) = |3 - 2\cdot 2| = 1 \neq 4 = |2 - 2\cdot 3| = d_4(2,3) | d_4(3, 2) = |3 - 2\cdot 2| = 1 \neq 4 = |2 - 2\cdot 3| = d_4(2,3) | ||||
| .\] | .\] | ||||
| \item | |||||
| \item $d_5(x,y) = \frac{|x-y|}{1 + |x-y|}$ ist eine Metrik, denn $\forall x, y, z \in \R$ gilt: | |||||
| \begin{enumerate}[(M1)] | |||||
| \item $d_5(x, y) = \frac{|x-y|}{1 + |x-y|} \ge 0$ und | |||||
| \[ | |||||
| d_5(x, y) = 0 \iff \frac{|x-y|}{1 + |x-y|} = 0 | |||||
| \iff |x - y| = 0 \iff x = y | |||||
| .\] | |||||
| \item $d_5(x, y) = \frac{|x-y|}{1 + |x-y|} = \frac{|y-x|}{1 + |y-x|} = d_5(y, x)$. | |||||
| \item Sei $d := \max \{ |x-y|, |x-z|, |y-z| \} $. Falls $d = |x-z|$, dann ist | |||||
| \[ | |||||
| \frac{|x-z|}{1 + |x-z|} = \frac{|x-z|}{1+d} | |||||
| \le \frac{|x-y|}{1 + d} + \frac{|y-z|}{1+d} | |||||
| \le \frac{|x-y|}{1 + \underbrace{|x - y|}_{\le d}} + \frac{|y-z|}{1 + | |||||
| \underbrace{|y-z|}_{\le d}} | |||||
| .\] | |||||
| Falls $d \neq |x-z|$. Dann sei O.E. $d = |x-y|$. Dann gilt | |||||
| \begin{alignat*}{2} | |||||
| &\quad&|x-z| &\le |x-y| \\ | |||||
| \iff& &|x-z| + |x-y|\cdot |x-z| &\le |x-y| + |x-y| \cdot |x-z| \\ | |||||
| \iff& &|x - z| (1 + |x-y|) &\le |x-y| (1 + |x-z|) \\ | |||||
| \iff& &\frac{|x-z|}{1 + |x-z|} &\le \frac{|x-y|}{1 + |x-y|} | |||||
| \intertext{Also insbesondere} | |||||
| \implies& &\frac{|x-z|}{1 + |x-z|} &\le \frac{|x-y|}{1+|x-y|} | |||||
| + \underbrace{\frac{|y-z|}{1 + |y-z|}}_{\ge 0} | |||||
| .\end{alignat*} | |||||
| Insgesamt folgt | |||||
| \[ | |||||
| d_5(x,z) \le d_5(x,y) + d_5(y,z) | |||||
| .\] | |||||
| \end{enumerate} | |||||
| \end{enumerate} | \end{enumerate} | ||||
| \end{aufgabe} | \end{aufgabe} | ||||
| @@ -72,23 +101,53 @@ | |||||
| \begin{aufgabe} | \begin{aufgabe} | ||||
| Seien $p, q \in \R$ mit $p, q > 1$, $\frac{1}{p} + \frac{1}{q} = 1$ | Seien $p, q \in \R$ mit $p, q > 1$, $\frac{1}{p} + \frac{1}{q} = 1$ | ||||
| \begin{enumerate}[(a)] | \begin{enumerate}[(a)] | ||||
| \item Definiere | |||||
| \begin{align*} | |||||
| f(t) &:= (a^{p})^{t} \cdot (b^{q})^{1 - t} | |||||
| \intertext{Es folgt} | |||||
| f''(t) &= \underbrace{(p \ln a - q \ln b)^2}_{\ge 0} \cdot \underbrace{f(t)}_{\ge 0} | |||||
| .\end{align*} | |||||
| Also ist $f(t)$ konvex. | |||||
| Es ist mit $\frac{1}{p} + \frac{1}{q} = 1 \implies \frac{1}{q} = 1 - \frac{1}{p}$. | |||||
| Mit $\lambda = \frac{1}{p}, x = 1$ und $y = 0$ folgt damit | |||||
| \item Beh.: Für $a, b \ge 0$ gilt | |||||
| \[ | |||||
| ab \le \frac{a^{p}}{p} + \frac{b^{q}}{q} | |||||
| .\] | |||||
| \begin{proof} | |||||
| Definiere | |||||
| \begin{align*} | |||||
| f(t) &:= (a^{p})^{t} \cdot (b^{q})^{1 - t} = e^{(p \ln a - q \ln b) t} | |||||
| \intertext{Es folgt} | |||||
| f''(t) &= \underbrace{(p \ln a - q \ln b)^2}_{\ge 0} \cdot \underbrace{f(t)}_{\ge 0} | |||||
| .\end{align*} | |||||
| Also ist $f(t)$ konvex. | |||||
| Es ist mit $\frac{1}{p} + \frac{1}{q} = 1 \implies \frac{1}{q} = 1 - \frac{1}{p}$. | |||||
| Mit $\lambda = \frac{1}{p}, x = 1$ und $y = 0$ folgt damit | |||||
| \[ | |||||
| ab = | |||||
| a^{\frac{1}{p} \cdot p}b^{q \cdot \left( 1-\frac{1}{p}\right) } | |||||
| = f\left(\frac{1}{p}\right) | |||||
| \le \frac{1}{p} f(1) + \left( 1 - \frac{1}{p} \right)f(0) | |||||
| = \frac{a^{p}}{p} + \frac{b^{q}}{q} | |||||
| .\] | |||||
| \end{proof} | |||||
| \item Beh.: Für $a_1, b_1, \ldots, a_n, b_n \in \R$ gilt | |||||
| \[ | \[ | ||||
| ab = | |||||
| a^{\frac{1}{p} \cdot p}b^{q \cdot \left( 1-\frac{1}{p}\right) } | |||||
| = f\left(\frac{1}{p}\right) | |||||
| \le \frac{1}{p} f(1) + \left( 1 - \frac{1}{p} \right)f(0) | |||||
| = \frac{a^{p}}{p} + \frac{b^{q}}{q} | |||||
| \sum_{i=1}^{n} |a_i b_i| \le \left( \sum_{i=1}^{n} |a_i|^{p} \right)^{\frac{1}{p}} | |||||
| \cdot \left( \sum_{i=1}^{n} |b_i|^{q} \right)^{\frac{1}{q}} | |||||
| .\] | .\] | ||||
| \item | |||||
| \begin{proof} | |||||
| Es sei $\Vert a \Vert_p := \left(\sum_{i=1}^{n} |a_i|^{p}\right)^{\frac{1}{p}}$ | |||||
| und $\Vert b \Vert_q := \left( \sum_{i=1}^{n} |b_i|^{q} \right)^{\frac{1}{q}} $. Dann folgt | |||||
| \begin{align*} | |||||
| \frac{1}{\Vert a \Vert_p \cdot \Vert b \Vert_q} | |||||
| \sum_{i=1}^{n} |a_i b_i| | |||||
| &= \quad\sum_{i=1}^{n} \left|\frac{a_i}{\Vert a \Vert_p}\right| | |||||
| \left| \frac{b_i}{\Vert b \Vert_q} \right|\\ | |||||
| &\stackrel{\text{Young}}{\le} \quad | |||||
| \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{|a_i|^{p}}{p \Vert a \Vert_p^{p}} | |||||
| + \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{|b_i|^{q}}{q \Vert b \Vert_q^{q}} \\ | |||||
| &= \frac{1}{p} \frac{1}{\sum_{i=1}^{n} |a_i|^{p}} | |||||
| \sum_{i=1}^{n} |a_i|^{p} | |||||
| + \frac{1}{q} \frac{1}{\sum_{i=1}^{n} |b_i|^{q}} | |||||
| \sum_{i=1}^{n} |b_i|^{q} \\ | |||||
| &= \frac{1}{p} + \frac{1}{q} \\ | |||||
| &= 1 \\ | |||||
| \implies \sum_{i=1}^{n} |a_i b_i| &\le \Vert a \Vert_p \cdot \Vert b \Vert_q | |||||
| .\end{align*} | |||||
| \end{proof} | |||||
| \end{enumerate} | \end{enumerate} | ||||
| \end{aufgabe} | \end{aufgabe} | ||||